Which type of memory involves retaining information while also engaging in another cognitive task?

The correct choice, working memory, is the type of memory that specifically allows individuals to hold and manipulate information temporarily while also engaging in other cognitive tasks. It plays a crucial role in reasoning, comprehension, and learning as it enables a person to process and use information in real-time. For example, when solving a math problem, one might need to keep track of various numbers while also applying the necessary operations to arrive at a solution, which highlights the role of working memory in managing both the retention of information and ongoing cognitive activities.

Short-term memory primarily focuses on the capacity to hold information for a brief period but does not necessarily involve manipulating or using that information in conjunction with other tasks. Visual memory, on the other hand, deals specifically with the encoding and recall of visual information, lacking the interactive element that working memory provides. Long-term memory is related to storing information over extended periods, making it less relevant for tasks requiring immediate cognitive engagement. Overall, working memory is integral for multitasking and complex thought processes, making it the correct answer here.